{"id":551,"date":"2018-09-13T14:08:07","date_gmt":"2018-09-13T14:08:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/?page_id=551"},"modified":"2025-01-03T10:45:13","modified_gmt":"2025-01-03T10:45:13","slug":"stainless-steel-casting","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/ar\/\u0635\u0628-\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645-\u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/h2>\n<p>\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u062a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0643\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 - \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0623\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0643.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0630\u0627\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\u060c \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\u061f<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u2013 KDM Steel<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062d\u0633\u0646\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f - \u0647\u0644 \u0646\u0628\u062f\u0623\u061f<\/p>\n<div class=\"ast-oembed-container\" style=\"height: 100%;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0639 - \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 (\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a)\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/cvXtUKYs3tw?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0633\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-552\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-1-Cast-stainless-steel-parts.jpg\" alt=\"\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\" width=\"752\" height=\"346\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-1-Cast-stainless-steel-parts.jpg 752w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-1-Cast-stainless-steel-parts-300x138.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 752px) 100vw, 752px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646: Off Shore Direct Metals<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0634 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Casting\">\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/a> \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u061f <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steel_casting\">\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/a> \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cast_iron\">\u0635\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u063a\u0648\u0644<\/a>?<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rolling_(metalworking)\">\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062d\u0631\u062c<\/a> \u0648<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Forging\">\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644<\/a> \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0635\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0646\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0630\u0627\u060c<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0647\u0648 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0647\u0648 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646 10.5 % \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ast-oembed-container\" style=\"height: 100%;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u0634\u0631\u062d \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/xvZdcucQDAE?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chromium\">\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645<\/a> \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/li>\n<li>\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633<\/li>\n<li>\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627\u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Molybdenum\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645<\/a> \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 304 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 316 - \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0647\u0648 &quot;\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629&quot;.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0647\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 304<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 316<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aksteel.com\/sites\/default\/files\/2018-01\/Comparator_Stainless_Steel_201512.pdf\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 300 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0623)\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SAE_304_stainless_steel\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 304<\/a><\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a\u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u062d\u0633\u0646\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0646 75 % \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-555\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-2-304-Stainless-steel-tubes.jpg\" alt=\"\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 304\" width=\"900\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-2-304-Stainless-steel-tubes.jpg 900w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-2-304-Stainless-steel-tubes-300x167.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-2-304-Stainless-steel-tubes-768x427.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 304<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 SS304 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 18\/8.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627\u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 18% \u0648 8 % \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u062c\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 304 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644:<\/p>\n<h4><em>\u00b7 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642<\/em><\/h4>\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0643\u0633\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u062f\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0636\u062f \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631.<\/p>\n<h4><em>\u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/em><\/h4>\n<p>\u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 304\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 316 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0643.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u064a \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646.<\/p>\n<h4><em><u>\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 304<\/u><\/em><\/h4>\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639:<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0623\u0646\u0627.<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u062e \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627.<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 - \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dekmake.com\/cnc-machining-services\/\">\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0629<\/a>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-556\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-3-Stainless-steel-castings.jpg\" alt=\"\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-3-Stainless-steel-castings.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-3-Stainless-steel-castings-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 304 \u0648\u0647\u064a: 304 H \u0648304 L.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 304.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641 &quot;H&quot; \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 304 H \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b (0.04 \u2013 0.1).<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 304 L \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 0.03 % \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 304 L \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0643.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0628)\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thebalance.com\/type-316-and-316l-stainless-steel-2340262\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 316<\/a><\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 304.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 304 \u0648 316 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 316 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 3 % \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 304\u060c \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 316 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 316 L \u0648F \u0648H.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-557\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-4-Stainless-steel.jpg\" alt=\"\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\" width=\"700\" height=\"612\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-4-Stainless-steel.jpg 700w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-4-Stainless-steel-300x262.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>316 L \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 L\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 316 H \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 316:<\/p>\n<p>1. \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 - \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 304.<\/p>\n<p>II. \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u062f\u062d\u0631\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0633\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h4><em>\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 316<\/em><\/h4>\n<p>1. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>II. \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627: \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u062e\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 SS316 \u0648 SS304\u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"319\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 304<\/td>\n<td width=\"319\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 316<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"319\">\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645<\/td>\n<td width=\"319\">\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 2 \u2013 3% \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"319\">\u064a\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629.<\/td>\n<td width=\"319\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"319\">\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"319\">\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"319\">\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0627\u0645.<\/td>\n<td width=\"319\">\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646 304 \u0648 316\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0623\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631 304 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 316.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631 316.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d 304 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0631\u062e\u0635 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0640 316.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631 316 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 304.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u062a\u0645\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0643 \u062d\u0638\u0627 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u0646\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0639\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623. \u062f\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/h2>\n<p>\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0646\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-558\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-5-Stainless-steel-casting.jpg\" alt=\"\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\" width=\"480\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-5-Stainless-steel-casting.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-5-Stainless-steel-casting-300x188.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u0642\u0637.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623:<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631<\/li>\n<li>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644<\/li>\n<li>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0635\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/li>\n<li>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0646\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n<h3><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Investment_casting\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/a><\/h3>\n<p>\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u060c \u064a\u0630\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d &quot;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631&quot; \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a &quot;\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629&quot;.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-559\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-6-Investment-casting.png\" alt=\"\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-6-Investment-casting.png 640w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-6-Investment-casting-300x225.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062d\u0636\u0651\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0630\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0625\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0634\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639. \u0633\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0634\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627: \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637. \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628. \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0623\u0633. \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0634\u062c\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 &quot;\u0634\u062c\u0631\u0629&quot;.<\/p>\n<p>\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u063a\u0645\u0633 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643 \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c. \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u063a\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>5. \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062c\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p>6. \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 90 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 180 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0647 \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>7. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 1000 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062a \u2013 2000 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062a (550 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u2013 1100 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629).<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0627\u064b: \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629. \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0646:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641.<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0634 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>IX. \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0644\u0621 \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0627\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>X. \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>11. \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 &quot;\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062c\u0631\u0629&quot; \u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0635\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0635\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643\u061f<\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/youtu.be\/UrUsaGussfc<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0641\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0633\u0645\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 0.15 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a 0.76 \u0645\u0645.<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 75 \u0631\u0637\u0644\u0627\u064b.<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u0647\u064a \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0628 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><u>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 <\/u><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Centrifugal_casting_(industrial)\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a<\/a><\/h3>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-561\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-7-Centrifugal-casting.png\" alt=\"\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-7-Centrifugal-casting.png 640w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-7-Centrifugal-casting-300x225.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>1. \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a<\/p>\n<p>II. \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642\u064a<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0628\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627: \u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0630\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u063a\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643 \u0644\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 1100 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>II. \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0628\u0651\u0647 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0622\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627: \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u062f\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0633\u0647\u0644\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>5. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u062b\u0645 \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u062d\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/youtu.be\/ptsRk0E4seA<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u062f\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3><u>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 <\/u><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sand_casting\">\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a<\/a><\/h3>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0644\u0642 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-564\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-8-Sand-casting.png\" alt=\"\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\" width=\"500\" height=\"311\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-8-Sand-casting.png 500w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-8-Sand-casting-300x187.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0647.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064a:<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631 \u2013 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0641 \u2013 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2. \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642.<\/p>\n<p>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627: \u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0635\u0628 \u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/li>\n<li>\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646.<\/li>\n<li>\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0622\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641.<\/p>\n<p>v. \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0631\u060c<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0621\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0635<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>6. \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a. \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d.<\/p>\n<p>\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u062d\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062c\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062c\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u0641 \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u062e\u0634\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>7. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0623\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0646\u062a \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645 \u0647\u064a \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0627 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ast-oembed-container\" style=\"height: 100%;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a 1: \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/qbUDYobvqvI?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<h3>\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0647\u064a:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><u>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 <\/u><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Continuous_casting\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631<\/a><\/h3>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0648\u0637.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0636 \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0636 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u062e\u064a\u0648\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-566\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-9-Continuous-casting.png\" alt=\"\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\" width=\"850\" height=\"586\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-9-Continuous-casting.png 850w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-9-Continuous-casting-300x207.png 300w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-9-Continuous-casting-768x529.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0621.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0634 \u0647\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a \u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631.<\/li>\n<li>\u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642.<\/li>\n<li>\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 - \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0633 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0636.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0630\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0641\u0648\u0647\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0646\u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u062f \u0623\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0624\u0643\u0633\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646.<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646. \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0632\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0641 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0623\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0648\u0642\u062a \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u062b.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u064a\u064a\u062a \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642 <a href=\"https:\/\/isohitech.com\/different-types-of-lubrication-systems\/\">\u062a\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0645<\/a> \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062f \u0623\u064a \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0638\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0630\u0627.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ast-oembed-container\" style=\"height: 100%;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/n_62k5HQLG8?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<h3>\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0647\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><u>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 <\/u><a href=\"http:\/\/www.pacificmarine.net\/marine-deck\/cargo-container-parts\/iso-container-corner-castings.htm\">\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-568\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-10-Corner-casting.jpg\" alt=\"\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629\" width=\"1537\" height=\"1144\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-10-Corner-casting.jpg 1537w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-10-Corner-casting-300x223.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-10-Corner-casting-768x572.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-10-Corner-casting-1024x762.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1537px) 100vw, 1537px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a 8 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a:<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0649.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/65553.html\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 (ISO) 1161<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 ISO.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Weldability\">\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645<\/a> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steel_casting\">\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/a> \u0637\u064f\u0631\u0642.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0649<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0634\u062f \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644<\/li>\n<li>\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><u>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 <\/u><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Die_casting\">\u0635\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/a><\/h3>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0641\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0632\u0648\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u062f \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-570\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-11-Engine-block.jpg\" alt=\"\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\" width=\"1024\" height=\"725\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-11-Engine-block.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-11-Engine-block-300x212.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-11-Engine-block-768x544.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0626\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sunrise-metal.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0635\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0633\u0646\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0631:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/li>\n<li>\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-571\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-12-Die-casting-system.png\" alt=\"\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\" width=\"1048\" height=\"532\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-12-Die-casting-system.png 1048w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-12-Die-casting-system-300x152.png 300w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-12-Die-casting-system-768x390.png 768w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-12-Die-casting-system-1024x520.png 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1048px) 100vw, 1048px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/em><\/p>\n<h3>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0633\u0646\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0648\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u0626\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u0645\u0627:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0633\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1100 \u0628\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u060c \u0644\u0646 \u0646\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ast-oembed-container\" style=\"height: 100%;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u0635\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/W6VgCaRozq8?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<h3>\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/li>\n<li>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0642.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0643 0.75 \u0645\u0645 \u0623\u0648 0.03 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637.<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0621.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><u>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 <\/u><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lost-wax_casting\">\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f<\/a><\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 &quot;\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f&quot;.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0634\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-572\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-13-Lost-wax-casting.png\" alt=\"\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\" width=\"600\" height=\"357\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-13-Lost-wax-casting.png 600w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-13-Lost-wax-casting-300x179.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c - \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639.<\/li>\n<li>\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u2013 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u2013 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627. \u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0646\u0633\u062e \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u2013 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\u060c \u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628. \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 &quot;\u0643\u0648\u0628&quot; \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0630\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0636 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0623\u0633.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0634\u064a\u0631 - \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u063a\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627. \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0641 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0623\u0633.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0645\u0643\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u2013 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 &quot;\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f&quot;. \u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0641\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0643\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0642\u061f<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0623\u0633 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0648\u0631.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0623\u0633.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0636\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0648\u062a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u062a\u062d\u0637\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u060c \u0627\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0621\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ast-oembed-container\" style=\"height: 100%;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/yFbmtJyBthg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u2013 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0621\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u062e \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644. \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0646\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0623\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li>\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u2013 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644.<\/p>\n<h3><u>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/u><\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649.<\/p>\n<p>\u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u060c \u064a\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 100 \u0631\u0637\u0644.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-573\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-14-Die-casting-b.png\" alt=\"\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\" width=\"467\" height=\"350\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-14-Die-casting-b.png 467w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-14-Die-casting-b-300x225.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 467px) 100vw, 467px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0645\u0627:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0629 - \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 - \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u062a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0646\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0647\u0646\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0643 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>1) \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0646\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621\u060c \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0622\u0645\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u2013 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0622\u0645\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0633 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>2) \u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0645\u0646 1000 \u0625\u0644\u0649 2000 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f \u0633\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b.<\/p>\n<p>3) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>4) \u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0635 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>5) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0630\u064a\u0628 - \u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0630\u064a\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0648<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621.<\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/youtu.be\/Pj_mjjUQad8<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>\u0648\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><u>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 <\/u><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vacuum_casting_(elastomers)\">\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a<\/a><\/h3>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 V.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0627\u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u062d\u0633\u0646\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u064a\u064f\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-574\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-15-Vacuum-die-casting.gif\" alt=\"\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\" width=\"549\" height=\"400\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a<\/em><\/p>\n<h3>\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0634\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0636\u0639 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u063a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0636\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a. \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644. \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u062e\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0623\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0636\u0639 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0636\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u064a\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0642 \u0628\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li>\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u060c \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0643 \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623.<\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u0646\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ast-oembed-container\" style=\"height: 100%;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 ProfiCast SGA3500\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/O1JXwZxtI-o?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p>\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u2013 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u0631\u062c\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-575\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-16-Flow-diagram.jpg\" alt=\"\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\" width=\"470\" height=\"618\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-16-Flow-diagram.jpg 470w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-16-Flow-diagram-228x300.jpg 228w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 470px) 100vw, 470px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0646\u0628\u062f\u0623.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 1: \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c<\/h3>\n<p>\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0635\u0628\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-576\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-17-Pattern-making.jpg\" alt=\"\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637\" width=\"551\" height=\"279\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-17-Pattern-making.jpg 551w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-17-Pattern-making-300x152.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-17-Pattern-making-540x272.jpg 540w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 551px) 100vw, 551px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0647 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0630\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0635\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639<\/li>\n<li>\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627\u061f<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u061f<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u061f<\/li>\n<li>\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0643\u061f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u0623\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0643 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-577\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-18-Molding-pattern.jpg\" alt=\"\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\" width=\"557\" height=\"268\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-18-Molding-pattern.jpg 557w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-18-Molding-pattern-300x144.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 557px) 100vw, 557px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u0643\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0643 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u0646\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637.<\/p>\n<h4><em>\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/em><\/h4>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0638\u0649 \u0628\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627\u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-578\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-19-Metal-pattern.jpg\" alt=\"\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-19-Metal-pattern.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-19-Metal-pattern-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627<\/li>\n<li>\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0633\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644.<\/li>\n<li>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><em>\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628<\/em><\/h4>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0623\u0631\u062e\u0635 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0634\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0631.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-579\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-20-Wood-mold.jpg\" alt=\"\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628\" width=\"526\" height=\"268\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-20-Wood-mold.jpg 526w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-20-Wood-mold-300x153.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 526px) 100vw, 526px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0634\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646<\/li>\n<li>\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0633\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0635\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0647\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><em>\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639<\/em><\/h4>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0635\u0628\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ast-oembed-container\" style=\"height: 100%;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 - \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/eR2QBN-fh1Y?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<h4><em>\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0629<\/em><\/h4>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u063a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-581\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-21-Foam-pattern.jpg\" alt=\"\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0629\" width=\"980\" height=\"505\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-21-Foam-pattern.jpg 980w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-21-Foam-pattern-300x155.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-21-Foam-pattern-768x396.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 980px) 100vw, 980px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0629<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u063a\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0635\u0642\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<h4><em>\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/em><\/h4>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644.<\/li>\n<li>\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649.<\/li>\n<li>\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0633\u0644\u0633<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 2: \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644<\/li>\n<li>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0641\u064a<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/li>\n<li>\u0635\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629.<\/p>\n<h4><em>\u0623) \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a<\/em><\/h4>\n<p>\u0623\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637\u060c<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0649\u060c<\/li>\n<li>\u0635\u0628\u060c<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0628\u060c<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-582\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-22-Sand-casting-technique.png\" alt=\"\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a\" width=\"500\" height=\"311\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-22-Sand-casting-technique.png 500w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-22-Sand-casting-technique-300x187.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064b\u0627. \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0649<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0628 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0635\u0628<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0644\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c.<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621.<\/li>\n<li>\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><em>\u0628) \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0641\u064a<\/em><\/h4>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 8-9 \u0645\u0645<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ast-oembed-container\" style=\"height: 100%;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0641\u0629\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/44R2IbzTvt4?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p>\u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647:<\/p>\n<p>\u0623. \u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628. \u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c<\/p>\n<p>\u062c. \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0642 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646. \u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a. \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0640. \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648. \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0646 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0632. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c.<\/p>\n<p>\u062d. \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0632\u062c\u0629. \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642.<\/p>\n<p>i. \u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642.<\/p>\n<p>\u062c. \u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0641. \u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0645\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0641\u064a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0625\u0646 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645 \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a \u062c\u064a\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646.<\/p>\n<h4><em>\u062c) \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a<\/em><\/h4>\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0633\u0643\u0628 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0643\u0628\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-583\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-23-Ceramic-mold-casting.jpg\" alt=\"\u0635\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\" width=\"717\" height=\"340\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-23-Ceramic-mold-casting.jpg 717w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-23-Ceramic-mold-casting-300x142.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 717px) 100vw, 717px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>\u0635\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0646.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062a\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 3: \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0643.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630<\/li>\n<li>\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0645 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electric_arc_furnace\">\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/a> (EAF) \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0646\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<h4><em>i. \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/em><\/h4>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-584\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-24-Electric-arc-furnace.jpg\" alt=\"\u0641\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\" width=\"800\" height=\"796\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-24-Electric-arc-furnace.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-24-Electric-arc-furnace-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-24-Electric-arc-furnace-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-24-Electric-arc-furnace-768x764.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-24-Electric-arc-furnace-66x66.jpg 66w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>\u0641\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u2013 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623.<\/li>\n<li>\u0633\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u0628\u0637\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u2013 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0640 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eastcarb.com\/graphite-electrode\/\">\u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><em>ii. \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/em><\/h4>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-585\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-25-Electric-indusction-furnace.gif\" alt=\"\u0641\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\" width=\"385\" height=\"315\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>\u0641\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u0640 EAF\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 4: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621<\/h3>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0647\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0633\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0630\u0641\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0630\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u062d\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062c\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-586\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-26-Summary-of-casting-process.jpg\" alt=\"\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\" width=\"1377\" height=\"458\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-26-Summary-of-casting-process.jpg 1377w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-26-Summary-of-casting-process-300x100.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-26-Summary-of-casting-process-768x255.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-26-Summary-of-casting-process-1024x341.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1377px) 100vw, 1377px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p>\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0638\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0642.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645\u060c \u0633\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062c\u0628 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0630\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d \u0644\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-587\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-27-Cast-shrink-rate-defects.jpg\" alt=\"\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-27-Cast-shrink-rate-defects.jpg 900w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-27-Cast-shrink-rate-defects-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-27-Cast-shrink-rate-defects-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Casting_defect\">\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/a> \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0626\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d - \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u064a\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642 - \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0634 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0644 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u0647.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u062d\u0644<\/u><\/strong><u>\u0633<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0621 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631<\/h3>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0648\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-588\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-28-Appearance-defect.jpg\" alt=\"\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631\" width=\"934\" height=\"557\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-28-Appearance-defect.jpg 934w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-28-Appearance-defect-300x179.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-28-Appearance-defect-768x458.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 934px) 100vw, 934px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0<em>\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0623.<\/strong> <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0632\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0641.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0648\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0637\u062d\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0649.<\/li>\n<li>\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0630\u0631.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u0628. <u>\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646: \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0634\u0642 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0632 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0648\u0642\u062a \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u062c.<\/strong> <strong><u>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629: \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629<\/u><\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u062f.<\/strong> <strong><u>\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0648\u0647\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/u><\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0647\u0640. <\/strong><strong><u>\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/li>\n<li>\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631.<\/li>\n<li>\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0632\u0642\u0627\u062a: \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-610\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-29-Casting-defects.jpg\" alt=\"\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\" width=\"768\" height=\"591\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-29-Casting-defects.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-29-Casting-defects-300x231.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-29-Casting-defects-180x138.jpg 180w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0630\u0641 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/li>\n<li>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0628.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0648\u0642\u062a \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0641.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0628\u0628\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0621<\/h3>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u0648\u0629:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-611\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-30-Casting-defect.jpg\" alt=\"\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\" width=\"638\" height=\"479\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-30-Casting-defect.jpg 638w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-30-Casting-defect-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 638px) 100vw, 638px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0<em>\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u062e<\/li>\n<li>\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0648\u0646<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0623.<\/strong> <strong><u>\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u062e <\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u064a\u0628 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u062e\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062b\u0642\u0628 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062b\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u062e \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a<\/u><\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0649<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0641<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0649<\/li>\n<li>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><u>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u064a<\/u><\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0631\u0645\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0641.<\/li>\n<li>\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u0628.<\/strong> <strong><u>\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u0642\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/u><\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646.<\/li>\n<li>\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0635\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0636\u0641 \u0631\u0645\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0637\u0627\u0632\u062c\u064b\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631\/<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u062c.<\/strong> <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0626 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646<\/u><\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0630\u0648 \u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0628<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0628\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0621<\/u><\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u062f.<\/strong> <strong><u>\u0645\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0648\u0646<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0621\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/u><\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0630\u0648 \u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0628<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0628\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0647\u064a<\/u><\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0633\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0636\u063a\u0637\u0647 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ast-oembed-container\" style=\"height: 100%;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 | \u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 | \u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u062e | \u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0648\u0633 | \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 | \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 | \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/jMO-3pUfU0k?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0625\u0644\u062e.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629\u061f<\/u><\/strong>?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0635\u0628 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631.<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062e\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u064a<\/u><\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631.<\/li>\n<li>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/h3>\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0634<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u0623.<\/strong> <strong><u>\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0634.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0639 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d.<\/li>\n<li>\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u0628.<\/strong> <strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e\u0648\u062e\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u062c.<\/strong> <strong><u>\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0634<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u064a \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0634 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u060c \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0634 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644<\/u><\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0641<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a<\/u><\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0622\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0635\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u064a:<\/p>\n<h3><a href=\"https:\/\/www.astm.org\/Standards\/A995.htm\">\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 ASTM A995<\/a><\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a - \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0628\u0644\u0643\u0633.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-612\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-31-Duplex-stainless-steel.jpg\" alt=\"\u062f\u0648\u0628\u0644\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\" width=\"400\" height=\"334\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-31-Duplex-stainless-steel.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-31-Duplex-stainless-steel-300x251.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>\u062f\u0648\u0628\u0644\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u062a\u0647:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 600 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062a (315 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629) \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634\u0629.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c - \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u0646\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u062c\u0633\u062a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><a href=\"https:\/\/www.astm.org\/Standards\/A890.htm\">\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 ASTM A890<\/a><\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a\/\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-613\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-32-Stainless-steel-casting.jpg\" alt=\"\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\" width=\"752\" height=\"346\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-32-Stainless-steel-casting.jpg 752w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-32-Stainless-steel-casting-300x138.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 752px) 100vw, 752px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u0646\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u062c\u0633\u062a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0648\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0641\u064a\u0641.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u063a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/li>\n<li>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643<\/li>\n<li>\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0646<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/li>\n<li>\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f<\/li>\n<li>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0646:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0646\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628: \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0637\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0637\u062d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d.<\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u0646\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-615\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-33-Stainless-steel-casting.jpg\" alt=\"\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\" width=\"500\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-33-Stainless-steel-casting.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-33-Stainless-steel-casting-300x193.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-33-Stainless-steel-casting-460x295.jpg 460w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0623.<\/strong> <strong><u>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0628. <\/strong><strong><u>\u0645\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0637\u062d \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0633\u0637\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0638\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u062c.<\/strong> <strong><u>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0637\u062d\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u062f. <\/strong><strong><u>\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0643\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f 0.003 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 0.5 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0647\u0640.<\/strong> <strong><u>\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0628<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0648\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 0.5 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062e\u0644\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 +\/- 0.003 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0641.<\/strong> <strong><u>\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a +\/- 0.005 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0641\u062d\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u062d\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0623. <\/strong><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f\u064a<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 (ISO) \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0628.<\/strong> <strong><u>\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u0648\u0636 \u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0623\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064f\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 ISO.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n<h2>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/h2>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062e\u0641\u0636 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u062d\u0633\u0646\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0641\u0631\u0646 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/li>\n<li>\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0633\u0623\u0623\u062e\u0630\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0641\u0631\u0646 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/h4>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/youtu.be\/IJ7BjP5qbpg<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 EAF \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0641\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0642\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0641\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/h4>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-616\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-34-Mold-casting.png\" alt=\"\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-34-Mold-casting.png 640w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-34-Mold-casting-300x225.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/h4>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-617\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-35-Heat-treatment.jpg\" alt=\"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\" width=\"385\" height=\"210\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-35-Heat-treatment.jpg 385w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-35-Heat-treatment-300x164.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 385px) 100vw, 385px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0<em>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 &quot;H&quot; \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u062e\u0635 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 &quot;C&quot; \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/h4>\n<p>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 316 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 304 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0647.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/h4>\n<p>\u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u060c \u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<h2>\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/h2>\n<p>\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u0646\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0647\u064a:<\/p>\n<h3>\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\/\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u062e\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-618\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-36-Automotive-parts.jpg\" alt=\"\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\" width=\"752\" height=\"346\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-36-Automotive-parts.jpg 752w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-36-Automotive-parts-300x138.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 752px) 100vw, 752px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642\/\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u0648\u064a \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-619\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-37-Cast-stainless-steel-door-lock.jpg\" alt=\"\u0642\u0641\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\" width=\"400\" height=\"314\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-37-Cast-stainless-steel-door-lock.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-37-Cast-stainless-steel-door-lock-300x236.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>\u0642\u0641\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u062e<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 410 \u0648 420 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 304 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0643.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-621\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-38-Cast-stainless-steel-cutlery.jpg\" alt=\"\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\" width=\"1246\" height=\"737\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-38-Cast-stainless-steel-cutlery.jpg 1246w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-38-Cast-stainless-steel-cutlery-300x177.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-38-Cast-stainless-steel-cutlery-768x454.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-38-Cast-stainless-steel-cutlery-1024x606.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1246px) 100vw, 1246px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a 410 \u0648420 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0634\u062d\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 304 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646<\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-622\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-39-Investment-casting-part.jpg\" alt=\"\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\" width=\"1000\" height=\"666\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-39-Investment-casting-part.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-39-Investment-casting-part-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-39-Investment-casting-part-768x511.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0647.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-623\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-40-Medical-equipment.jpg\" alt=\"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629\" width=\"1600\" height=\"951\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-40-Medical-equipment.jpg 1600w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-40-Medical-equipment-300x178.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-40-Medical-equipment-768x456.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-40-Medical-equipment-1024x609.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0643\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0633.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-624\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-41-cast-stainless-steel-equipment.jpg\" alt=\"\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\" width=\"540\" height=\"268\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-41-cast-stainless-steel-equipment.jpg 540w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-41-cast-stainless-steel-equipment-300x149.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 540px) 100vw, 540px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062e \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 304 \u0648 316 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062d\u0633\u0646\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-625\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-42-Stainless-steel-bin.jpg\" alt=\"\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-42-Stainless-steel-bin.jpg 640w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-42-Stainless-steel-bin-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-42-Stainless-steel-bin-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-42-Stainless-steel-bin-66x66.jpg 66w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u062e\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-626\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-43-Stainless-steel-pump-impeller.jpg\" alt=\"\u0645\u0636\u062e\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\" width=\"900\" height=\"550\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-43-Stainless-steel-pump-impeller.jpg 900w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-43-Stainless-steel-pump-impeller-300x183.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-43-Stainless-steel-pump-impeller-768x469.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>\u0645\u0636\u062e\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629<strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0648\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/h2>\n<p>\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Forging\">\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/a> \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ast-oembed-container\" style=\"height: 100%;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0629 - \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/a4Lghy-YBrk?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<h3>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u062d\u0635\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0633\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0644 \u0646\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u0631\u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0622\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0630\u0627\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0633\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639. \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628.<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0635 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631.<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628.<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644\u0647. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627\u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0630\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0648\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<h3>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062d\u062f \u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 50 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u064a \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0641.<\/p>\n<h3>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u2013 KDM Steel\u060c \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642<\/h2>\n<p>\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 KDM Steel \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0622\u0628\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 8 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2004.<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-627\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-44-KDM-Steel.jpg\" alt=\"\u0643\u064a\u0647 \u062f\u064a \u0625\u0645 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\" width=\"1341\" height=\"579\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-44-KDM-Steel.jpg 1341w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-44-KDM-Steel-300x130.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-44-KDM-Steel-768x332.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-44-KDM-Steel-1024x442.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1341px) 100vw, 1341px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>\u0643\u064a\u0647 \u062f\u064a \u0625\u0645 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0635\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0635\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f \u062d\u0642\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 ISO.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0635\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u062f\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0627\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 KDM.<\/p>\n<h2>\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0643.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 KDM Steel Company - \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 KMD Steel\u060c \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0643 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629 - <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/ar\/\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\/\">\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/a>.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Stainless Steel Casting: The Complete Guide Are you looking forward to venturing into stainless steel casting business? What is your experience in this field? Today, I want to show you how to cast stainless steel successfully. I know, it may seem a complex industrial process \u2013 but, I will make everything simple for you. So, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":null,"stick-header-meta":"default","header-above-stick-meta":null,"header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":null,"astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-551","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Stainless Steel Casting: The Complete Guide - KDM Steel<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/ar\/\u0635\u0628-\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645-\u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ar_AR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Stainless Steel Casting: The Complete Guide - KDM Steel\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Stainless Steel Casting: The Complete Guide Are you looking forward to venturing into stainless steel casting business? What is your experience in this field? Today, I want to show you how to cast stainless steel successfully. I know, it may seem a complex industrial process \u2013 but, I will make everything simple for you. So, [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/ar\/\u0635\u0628-\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645-\u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"KDM Steel\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-01-03T10:45:13+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-1-Cast-stainless-steel-parts.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"752\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"346\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0631\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"70 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.kdmsteel.com\\\/stainless-steel-casting\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.kdmsteel.com\\\/stainless-steel-casting\\\/\",\"name\":\"Stainless Steel Casting: The Complete Guide - KDM Steel\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.kdmsteel.com\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.kdmsteel.com\\\/stainless-steel-casting\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.kdmsteel.com\\\/stainless-steel-casting\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"http:\\\/\\\/www.kdmsteel.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2018\\\/09\\\/Figure-1-Cast-stainless-steel-parts.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-09-13T14:08:07+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-01-03T10:45:13+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.kdmsteel.com\\\/stainless-steel-casting\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"ar\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.kdmsteel.com\\\/stainless-steel-casting\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"ar\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.kdmsteel.com\\\/stainless-steel-casting\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"http:\\\/\\\/www.kdmsteel.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2018\\\/09\\\/Figure-1-Cast-stainless-steel-parts.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"http:\\\/\\\/www.kdmsteel.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2018\\\/09\\\/Figure-1-Cast-stainless-steel-parts.jpg\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.kdmsteel.com\\\/stainless-steel-casting\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.kdmsteel.com\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Stainless Steel Casting: The Complete Guide\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.kdmsteel.com\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.kdmsteel.com\\\/\",\"name\":\"KDM Steel\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.kdmsteel.com\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.kdmsteel.com\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"ar\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.kdmsteel.com\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"KDM Steel\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.kdmsteel.com\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"ar\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.kdmsteel.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.kdmsteel.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/05\\\/cropped-kdmsteel-logo.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.kdmsteel.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/05\\\/cropped-kdmsteel-logo.png\",\"width\":998,\"height\":535,\"caption\":\"KDM Steel\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.kdmsteel.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 - KDM Steel","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/ar\/\u0635\u0628-\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645-\u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\/","og_locale":"ar_AR","og_type":"article","og_title":"Stainless Steel Casting: The Complete Guide - KDM Steel","og_description":"Stainless Steel Casting: The Complete Guide Are you looking forward to venturing into stainless steel casting business? What is your experience in this field? Today, I want to show you how to cast stainless steel successfully. I know, it may seem a complex industrial process \u2013 but, I will make everything simple for you. So, [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/ar\/\u0635\u0628-\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645-\u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\/","og_site_name":"KDM Steel","article_modified_time":"2025-01-03T10:45:13+00:00","og_image":[{"width":752,"height":346,"url":"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-1-Cast-stainless-steel-parts.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0631":"70 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/stainless-steel-casting\/","url":"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/stainless-steel-casting\/","name":"\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 - KDM Steel","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/stainless-steel-casting\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/stainless-steel-casting\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-1-Cast-stainless-steel-parts.jpg","datePublished":"2018-09-13T14:08:07+00:00","dateModified":"2025-01-03T10:45:13+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/stainless-steel-casting\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"ar","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/stainless-steel-casting\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"ar","@id":"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/stainless-steel-casting\/#primaryimage","url":"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-1-Cast-stainless-steel-parts.jpg","contentUrl":"http:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Figure-1-Cast-stainless-steel-parts.jpg"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/stainless-steel-casting\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Stainless Steel Casting: The Complete Guide"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/","name":"\u0643\u064a\u0647 \u062f\u064a \u0625\u0645 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"ar"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/#organization","name":"\u0643\u064a\u0647 \u062f\u064a \u0625\u0645 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644","url":"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"ar","@id":"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/cropped-kdmsteel-logo.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/cropped-kdmsteel-logo.png","width":998,"height":535,"caption":"KDM Steel"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/551","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=551"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/551\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":45695,"href":"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/551\/revisions\/45695"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kdmsteel.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=551"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}